Biography of Saddam Hussein of Iraq

Born: April 28, 1937 at Ouja, near Tikrit, Iraq Died: Executed December 30, 2006 in Baghdad, Iraq Ruled: Fifth President of Iraq, July 16, 1979 to April 9, 2003 Saddam Hussein endured childhood abuse and later torture as a political prisoner. He survived to become one of the most ruthless dictators the modern Middle East has seen. His life began with despair and violence and ended the same way. Early Years Saddam Hussein was born to a shepherds family on April 28, 1937 in northern Iraq, near Tikrit. His father disappeared before the child was born, never to be heard from again, and several months later, Saddams 13-year-old brother died of cancer. The babys mother was too despondent to care for him properly. He was sent to live with the family of his uncle Khairallah Talfah in Baghdad. When Saddam was three, his mother remarried and the child was returned to her in Tikrit. His new stepfather was a violent and abusive man. When he was ten, Saddam ran away from home and returned to his uncles house in Baghdad. Khairallah Talfah had recently been released from prison, after serving time as a political prisoner. Saddams uncle took him in, raised him, allowed him to go to school for the first time, and taught him about Arab nationalism and the pan-Arabist Baath Party. As a youth, Saddam Hussein dreamed of joining the military. His aspirations were crushed, however, when he failed the military school entrance exams. He attended a highly nationalistic secondary school in Baghdad instead, focusing his energy on politics. Entry into Politics In 1957, the twenty-year-old Saddam formally joined the Baath Party. He was selected in 1959 as part of an assassination squad sent to kill the Iraqi president, General Abd al-Karim Qasim. However, the October 7, 1959 assassination attempt did not succeed. Saddam had to flee Iraq overland, by donkey, moving first to However, the October 7, 1959 assassination attempt did not succeed.   Saddam had to flee Iraq overland, by donkey, moving first to Syria for a few months, and then going into exile in Egypt until 1963. Baath Party-linked army officers overthrew Qasim in 1963, and Saddam Hussein returned to Iraq. The following year, due to infighting within the party, he was arrested and imprisoned. For the next three years, he languished as a political prisoner, enduring torture, until he escaped in 1967. Free from prison, he began to organize followers for yet another coup. In 1968, Baathists led by Saddam and Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr took power; Al-Bakr became president, and Saddam Hussein his deputy.   The elderly Al-Bakr was nominally the ruler of Iraq, but Saddam Hussein really held the reins of power.   He sought to stabilize the country, which was divided among Arabs and Kurds, Sunnis and Shiites, and rural tribes versus urban elites. Saddam dealt with these factions through a combination of modernization and development programs, improved living standards and social security, and brutal suppression of anyone who caused trouble despite these measures.   On June 1, 1972, Saddam ordered the nationalization of all foreign-owned oil interests in Iraq. When the 1973 energy crisis struck the following year, Iraqs oil revenues shot up in a sudden windfall of wealth for the country. With this flow of money, Saddam Hussein instituted free compulsory education for all Iraq children all the way through university; free nationalized medical care for all; and generous farm subsidies. He also worked to diversify Iraqs economy, so that it would not be utterly dependent on volatile oil prices. Some of the oil wealth also went into chemical weapons development. Saddam used some of the proceeds to build up the army, party-linked paramilitaries, and a secretive security service. These organizations used disappearances, assassination, and rape as weapons against perceived opponents of the state. Rise to Formal Power In 1976, Saddam Hussein became a general in the armed forces, despite having no military training. He was the de facto leader and strongman of the country, which was still supposedly ruled by the sickly and aged Al-Bakr. Early in 1979, Al-Bakr entered into negotiations with Syrian President Hafez al-Assad to unite the two countries under al-Assads rule, a move that would have marginalized Saddam from power. To Saddam Hussein, the union with Syria was unacceptable. He had become convinced that he was the reincarnation of the ancient Babylonian ruler Nebuchadnezzar (r. 605 - 562 BCE)  and destined for greatness. On July 16, 1979, Saddam forced Al-Bakr to resign, naming himself president. He called a meeting of the Baath party leadership  and called out the names of 68 alleged traitors among those assembled.   They were removed from the room and arrested; 22 were executed. In the following weeks, hundreds more were purged and executed. Saddam Hussein was not willing to risk party in-fighting like that in 1964 that had landed him in prison. Meanwhile, the Islamic Revolution in neighboring Iran put the Shiite clergy in power there. Saddam feared that Iraqi Shiites would be inspired to rise up, so he invaded Iran. He used chemical weapons against the Iranians, tried to wipe out Iraqi Kurds on grounds that they might be sympathetic to Iran, and committed other atrocities. This invasion turned into the grinding, eight-year-long Iran / Iraq War.   Despite Saddam Husseins aggression and violations of international law, much of the Arab world, the Soviet Union, and the United States all supported him in the war against Irans new theocracy. The Iran/Iraq War left hundreds of thousands of people dead on both sides, without changing the borders or governments of either side. To pay for this expensive war, Saddam Hussein decided to seize the oil-rich Gulf nation of Kuwait on grounds that it was historically part of Iraq. He invaded on August 2, 1990. A US-led coalition of UN troops drove the Iraqis out of Kuwait just six weeks later, but Saddams troops had created an environmental catastrophe in Kuwait, setting fire to the oil wells. The UN coalition pushed the Iraqi army back well inside Iraq  but decided not to roll on to Baghdad and depose Saddam. Domestically, Saddam Hussein cracked down ever harder on real or imagined opponents of his rule. He used chemical weapons against the Kurds of northern Iraq  and tried to wipe out the marsh Arabs of the delta region. His security services also arrested and tortured thousands of suspected political dissidents. Second Gulf War and Fall On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda launched a massive attack on the United States. US government officials began to imply, without offering any proof, that Iraq might have been implicated in the terrorist plot. The US also charged that Iraq was developing nuclear weapons; UN weapons inspection teams found no evidence that those programs existed. Despite the lack of any ties to 9/11 or any proof of WMD (weapons of mass destruction) development, the US launched a new invasion of Iraq on March 20, 2003. This was the beginning of the Iraq War, or Second Gulf War. Baghdad fell to the US-led coalition on April 9, 2003. However, Saddam Hussein escaped. He remained on the run for months, issuing recorded statements to the people of Iraq urging them to resist the invaders. On December 13, 2003, US troops finally located him in a tiny underground bunker near Tikrit.   He was arrested and sent to a US base in Baghdad. After six months, the US handed him over to the interim Iraqi government for trial. Saddam was charged with 148 specific counts of murder, torture of women and children, illegal detention, and other crimes against humanity. The Iraqi Special Tribunal found him guilty on November 5, 2006, and sentenced him to death. His subsequent appeal was denied, as was his request for execution by firing squad instead of hanging. On December 30, 2006, Saddam Hussein was hanged at an Iraqi army base near Baghdad. Video of his death soon leaked on the internet, sparking international controversy.

What Are Teachers Attitudes Towards Inclusion Of The...

References Berry, G., Berst, T., Jund, A., Overton, M., Rondina, A., Tate, M. (2011). What are teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion in the general education classroom. California State University. Berry and colleagues present an effective study which found that teachers have positive attitudes towards inclusion. Teacher surveys were conducted to reveal their perceived need of more training and support within the inclusive environment. Both general and special educators were included in the surveys. An extensive literature review on inclusion was provided. Literature reviewed included inclusion theory and other research and studies conducted on the subject. The results of the surveys conducted by Berry et al are considered in developing best practice and research supplemented techniques in persuading those who do not support inclusion to reconsider. Limitations of the study are well established. The authors identify and interpret the results of the survey in making recommendations of further research and strategies needed to change the opinion of non-supporters. Hanline, M. F., Nunes, D., Worthy, M. B. (2007). Augmentative and alternative communication in the early childhood y ears. Beyond the Journal, 01-06. Retrieved from http://www.naeyc.org/files/yc/file/200707/BTJHanline.pdf In this article, Hansline describes augmentative and alternative communication and the ideal candidates who would benefit from it. Using the acronym AAC, the author explains the threeShow MoreRelatedEducation Is An Integral Part Of Our Lives1420 Words   |  6 PagesEducation is an integral part of our lives. We all seek education in one form or another, and at different levels. The importance of education cannot be stressed enough. Education is knowledge gained and knowledge is power. Education gives us a knowledge of the world around us and changes it into something better. 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Formation of Malaysia Sample Essay Example For Students

Formation of Malaysia Sample Essay Possibly. non many who know that. today. 16th of September is Malaysia Day. the twenty-four hours Malaysia was formed. The Malaysia twenty-four hours is really important although it’s non truly good known as compared to the Merdeka Day. Malaysia twenty-four hours is the twenty-four hours to mark the formation of the constitution Malayan Federation on 16th of September 1963. On this twenty-four hours. Malaya. North Borneo ( now Sabah ) . Sarawak. and Singapore ( Singapore left Malaysia in 9th of August 1965 to organize a new province ) joined together to organize Malaysia. From this twenty-four hours onwards. Malaya was known as Malaya. At foremost. the formation of Malaysia was arranged to be on 1st of June 1963 but was subsequently postponed to 31st of August 1963 so that it would co-occur with the 6th Merdeka Day. Because of the expostulation from the Indonesian and Filipino towards the formation of Malaysia. this was further postponed to 16th of September the same twelvemonth. The delay to 16th was besides to let the United Nations ( UN ) to carry on the referendums in North Borneo and Sarawak sing the 2 provinces engagement in the Federation of Malaysia. The current map of Malaya The formation of Malaysia. nevertheless were opposed by Indonesia strongly and take to â€Å"Ganyang Malaysia† run by the president so. Sukarno and this is the start of Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation ( Konfrontasi ) ( 1963-1966 ) . This confrontation ended when General Suharto seized the power from Sukarno. Ganyang MAlaysia run by Sukarno trifle:1 ) The alteration of the name from Malaya to Malaysia by adding extra â€Å"si† to the center of Malaya was believed to be due to the new provinces ( Sabah. Sarawak and Singapore ) start with missive â€Å"s† while Singapore start with missive â€Å"si† hence we get Malay-si-a 2 ) Due to the formation of Malaysia. there had been alterations made to the the original flag of the FederationMalaya with 11 ruddy and white chevrons and 11-pointed star ( which represent 11 provinces of the Malaya ) by adding 3 extra chevrons and 3 points to the star to do Malaysia flag with 14 chevrons and 14 star points as we have today. However. after the separation of Singapore from Malaysia. there’s no band and point removed from our flag. but alternatively. the 14 chevrons and points remained to symbolize 13 provinces + 1 Federal Territory ( Which is Kuala Lumpur so ) . Even now we have 3 Federal Territories ( KL. Labuan. and Putrajaya. the flag still remain unchanged as the 14th band and point now represent the Federal Districts It was besides said that the 14th band and point symbolizes Malaysia waiting for Singapore to come back some twenty-four hours. Federation of Malaya flag ( 1950-1963 ) Federation of Malaysia flag ( 1963-now ) 3 ) Jalur Gemilang was declared as the name of Malayan flag by Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad in 31st of August 1997 which is the fortieth Malaysia Merdeka Day on 11. 58 midnight at Dataran Merdeka. 4 ) While 31st of August is recognised as the Malaysia’s Independent Day. the independent twenty-four hours of Sabah and Sarawak is really 16th Sept. And 16th of September 1963 is the existent independent twenty-four hours of Singapore from the British colonization ( Singapore’s Independent twenty-four hours is in 9th of August 1965 to mark the independency from Malaysia ) . 16th of September is besides the birthday of the former PM of Singapore. Lee Kun Yew 5 ) 16th of Sept is the public vacation for Sabah. as the Yang Di-pertuan Negari of Sabah besides falls on this twenty-four hours. However. Malaysia twenty-four hours is non the national vacation of Malaysia. 6 ) The UN completed the referendums in North Borneo and Sarawak in 14th of September1963. merely 2 yearss before the Malaysia Day. .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d , .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d .postImageUrl , .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d , .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d:hover , .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d:visited , .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d:active { border:0!important; } .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d:active , .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9875e522d6729ae87149e06008eae44d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Autism EssayI think. the Malaysia Day has to be declared as National Day as good and every twelvemonth. the National Day jubilation have to be from 31st August to 16th September. And. Malaysia twenty-four hours have to be declared as public vacation every bit good to recognize the significance of this twenty-four hours. So. everyone. retrieve this twenty-four hours as another important twenty-four hours of our nation-The twenty-four hours Malaysia was really born. And the twenty-four hours of integrity of all Malaysians.